Alex Riemer
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  • [1]Bae KT (2010) —
  • [2]Bae KT et al. (2008) —
  • [3]Awai K et al. (2004) —
  • [4]Mihl C et al. (2015) —
  • [5]Bae KT, Tran & Heiken (2000) —
  • [6]Fleischmann & Hitraya (1999) —
  • [7]Heiken JP et al. (1995) —
  • [8]Brink JA et al. (1995) —
  • [9]Gulizia M et al. (2024) —

  • Awai, K., Hiraishi, K., & Hori, S. (2004). Effect of contrast material injection duration and rate on aortic peak time and peak enhancement at dynamic CT involving injection protocol with dose tailored to patient weight. Radiology, 230(1), 142-150.
  • Bae, K. T. (2010). Intravenous contrast medium administration and scan timing at CT: considerations and approaches. Radiology, 256(1), 32-61.
  • Bae, K. T., Seeck, B. A., Hildebolt, C. F., et al. (2008). Peak enhancement of the aorta and liver at multidetector row CT: effect of contrast medium volume and body weight. AJR, 190(3), 777-784.
  • Fleischmann, D. (2003). Use of high-concentration contrast media in multiple-detector-row CT: principles and rationale. European Radiology, 13(Suppl 5), M14-M20.
  • Heiken, J. P., Brink, J. A., McClennan, B. L., Sagel, S. S., Crowe, T. M., & Gaines, M. V. (1995). Dynamic incremental CT: effect of volume and concentration of contrast material and patient weight on hepatic enhancement. Radiology, 195(2), 353-357. doi:10.1148/radiology.195.2.7724752
  • Brink, J. A., Heiken, J. P., Forman, H. P., Sagel, S. S., Molina, P. L., & Brown, P. C. (1995). Hepatic spiral CT: reduction of dose of intravenous contrast material. Radiology, 197(1), 83-88. doi:10.1148/radiology.197.1.7568859
  • Gulizia, M., Ding, S., Sá dos Reis, C., Jaques, C., & Dromain, C. (2024). Adjustments of iodinated contrast media using lean body weight for abdominopelvic computed tomography: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Radiology, 178, 111631. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2024.111631
  • Boer, P. (1984). Estimated lean body mass as an index for normalization of body fluid volumes in humans. American Journal of Physiology, 247(4), F632-F636. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.1984.247.4.F632
  • Nyman, U. (2016). James lean body weight formula is not appropriate for determining CT contrast media dose in patients with high body mass index. Radiology, 278(3), 956-957. doi:10.1148/radiol.2016152031

  • Bae, K. T. (2003). Peak contrast enhancement in CT and MR angiography: when does it occur and why? Pharmacokinetic study in a porcine model. Radiology, 227(3), 809-816.
  • Henzell, E., et al. (2013). Optimising contrast material volume for computed tomography pulmonary angiography. European Radiology, 23(12), 3246-3252.
  • Mihl, C., Kok, M., Wildberger, J. E., Das, M., et al. (2015). Coronary CT angiography using low concentrated contrast media injected with high flow rates: Feasible in clinical practice. European Journal of Radiology, 84(11), 2155-2160.
  • Rengo, M., et al. (2010). CT pulmonary angiography: a patient-specific contrast injection protocol. Radiologia Medica, 115(5), 701-710.
  • Saade, C., Bou-Fakhredin, R., et al. (2013). Caudocranial scan direction and patient-specific volume of contrast material improve image quality and reduce contrast material volume during computed tomography angiography of the aorta. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, 37(5), 721-726.
  • Saade, C., El-Merhi, F., et al. (2017). Contrast medium volume optimization for multidetector computed tomography of the thoracic aorta. Clinical Radiology, 73(1), 93.e1-93.e7.
  • Saade, C., et al. (2019). Contrast volume reduction using patient-specific formulas. Radiography, 25(3), 261-267.

  • Awai, K., Imuta, M., Utsunomiya, D., et al. (2004). Contrast enhancement for whole-body screening using multidetector row helical CT: comparison between uniphasic and biphasic injection protocols. Radiological Medicine, 22(5), 303-309.
  • Bae, K. T., Tran, H. Q., & Heiken, J. P. (2000). Multiphasic Injection Method for Uniform Prolonged Vascular Enhancement at CT Angiography: Pharmacokinetic Analysis and Experimental Porcine Model. Radiology, 216(3), 872-880.
  • Fleischmann, D., & Hitraya, E. G. (1999). Mathematical analysis of arterial enhancement and optimization of bolus geometry for CT angiography using the discrete-time survival function. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, 23(3), 472-479.

  • American College of Radiology. (2024). ACR manual on contrast media. American College of Radiology.
  • Plumb, A. A., & Murphy, G. (2011). The use of central venous catheters for intravenous contrast injection for CT examinations. The British Journal of Radiology, 84(999), 197-203. doi:10.1259/bjr/26062221
  • Herts, B. R., O'Malley, C. M., Wirth, S. L., Lieber, M. L., & Pohlman, B. (2001). Power injection of contrast media using central venous catheters: Feasibility, safety, and efficacy. American Journal of Roentgenology, 176(2), 447-453. doi:10.2214/ajr.176.2.1760447
  • Hollander, S., Mojibian, H., Emery, M., & Tal, M. G. (2012). Power injection of iodinated intravenous contrast material through acute and chronic hemodialysis catheters. The Journal of Vascular Access, 13(1), 61-64. doi:10.5301/JVA.2011.8442
  • Schwartz, F. R., Lewis, D. S., King, A. E., Murphy, F. G., Howle, L. E., Kim, C. Y., & Nelson, R. C. (2021). Hemodialysis catheter integrity during mechanical power injection of iodinated contrast medium for CT angiography. Abdominal Radiology, 46(6), 2961-2967. doi:10.1007/s00261-020-02905-9
  • White, N. A., van der Molen, A. J., Limpens, R. W. A. L., Maas, J. J., van der Bogt, K. E. A., Horeman, T., & Rotmans, J. I. (2025). In vitro safety of power injection of contrast media through central venous hemodialysis catheters. The Journal of Vascular Access. doi:10.1177/11297298251333014
  • Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Device alert: injection rate limit for central venous catheters not labelled for power injection.
  • EN ISO 6009 — Farbcode der Injektionskanülen · ISO 10555-5 — intravaskuläre Katheter, Durchflussraten.

  • Shimizu, T., Misaki, T., Yamamoto, K., Sueyoshi, K., & Narabayashi, I. (2000). Helical CT of the liver with computer-assisted bolus-tracking technology: Scan delay of arterial phase scanning and effect of flow rates. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, 24(2), 219-223. doi:10.1097/00004728-200003000-00006
  • Sandstede, J. J. W., Tschammler, A., Beer, M., Vogelsang, C., Wittenberg, G., & Hahn, D. (2001). Optimization of automatic bolus tracking for timing of the arterial phase of helical liver CT. European Radiology, 11(8), 1396-1400. doi:10.1007/s003300000816
  • Jensen, C. T., Khetan, R., Adkins, J., et al. (2021). Delayed bolus-tracking trigger at CT correlates with cardiac dysfunction and suboptimal portovenous contrast phase. Abdominal Radiology, 46(2), 826-835. doi:10.1007/s00261-020-02655-8
  • Costa, A. F., & Peet, K. (2021). Contrast media injection protocol for portovenous phase abdominal CT: Does a fixed injection duration improve hepatic enhancement over a fixed injection rate? Abdominal Radiology, 46, 2968-2975. doi:10.1007/s00261-020-02919-3
  • Qi, K., et al. (2025). Optimized contrast enhancement and homogeneity in aortic CT angiography: bolus tracking with personalized post-trigger delay. Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery, 15(1). doi:10.21037/qims-24-624

  • Takeda, N., Tanaka, R., Nakai, O., & Ueki, K. (1982). Dynamics of contrast enhancement in delayed computed tomography of brain tumors. Neuroradiology.
  • Rodallec, M. H., Krainik, A., Feydy, A., et al. (2006). Cerebral venous thrombosis and multidetector CT angiography: tips and tricks. RadioGraphics, 26(Suppl 1), S5-S18.
  • Leach, J. L., Fortuna, R. B., Jones, B. V., & Gaskill-Shipley, M. F. (2006). Imaging of cerebral venous thrombosis: current techniques, spectrum of findings, and diagnostic pitfalls. RadioGraphics, 26(Suppl 1), S19-S41.
  • Biswas, S., Chandran, A., Roughley, S., Bhojak, M., & Das, K. (2015). Cerebral CT venography using a 320-MDCT scanner with a time-density curve technique and low volume of contrast. Neuroradiology Journal.
  • Ferro, J. M., Bousser, M.-G., Canhão, P., et al. (2017). European Stroke Organisation guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of cerebral venous thrombosis. European Stroke Journal.